Understanding HPV: What’s Your Risk?
What is HPV?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). According to the National Cancer Institute, nearly all sexually active individuals will contract HPV within months to a few years of becoming sexually active. Regardless of gender, sex, or sexual orientation, anyone who is sexually active is at risk for HPV.
You may have had an HPV infection without even realizing it. Most of the time, your immune system clears the infection before you notice any symptoms.
Whether your body can clear HPV depends largely on the specific strain of the virus. Scientists have identified over 200 HPV-related viruses, categorized as either high-risk or low-risk.
High-Risk HPV Infections
High-risk HPV strains can lead to several types of cancer. About 14 high-risk types cause approximately half of all HPV infections. HPV-related cancers include:
Head and neck cancer (often oropharyngeal cancers)
Anal cancer
Penile cancer
Vaginal cancer
Vulvar cancer (less common)
How Does HPV Spread?
HPV is primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, with an infected person. It can also spread through non-sexual, skin-to-skin contact. Even individuals without symptoms can transmit the virus.
What Are the Symptoms of HPV?
Most HPV infections are asymptomatic. Low-risk HPV strains can cause warts on the genitals or in the mouth. High-risk HPV infections typically don’t show symptoms until they progress to pre-cancer or cancer.
HPV-related cancers tend to develop slowly which is why routine screenings, such as cervical exams and annual wellness visits, are crucial for detecting early signs of cancer and preventing its spread.
Can HPV Be Prevented?
The good news is that you can take steps to prevent HPV infection. Follow these recommendations to lower your risk:
Get Vaccinated
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the HPV vaccine for boys and girls during their 9–12-year-old wellness check.
Adults aged 27–45 who haven’t been vaccinated can still benefit from the vaccine, even if they’ve been sexually active. Consult your healthcare provider to determine if vaccination is right for you.
Schedule Regular Cervical Cancer Screenings
Routine screenings can detect HPV infections early. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) suggests the following:
Ages 21–29: Pap test every three years.
Ages 25–29: Optional HPV test, though Pap tests are preferred.
Ages 30–65: Choose one of the following:
Pap test and HPV test every five years.
Pap test every three years.
HPV test every five years.
Currently, there are no HPV screenings recommended for men.
Always Use a Condom
Men can contract and spread HPV as well. According to the CDC, 74% of cancers of the oropharynx (throat), penis, and anus in men are linked to HPV. Condoms reduce the risk of HPV and other STIs.
Be in a Monogamous Relationship
Limiting the number of sexual partners over your lifetime can lower your risk of contracting high-risk HPV strains. Open and honest communication with your partner about sexual history is key. By taking these preventive measures, you can protect yourself and reduce the risk of HPV-related complications.
Understanding HPV in Maryland
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